What are the cultivation and management techniques of chrysanthemums
Today's editor will explain the cultivation, management techniques, chrysanthemum planting methods and related experience of flower planting, very good experience and knowledge, it is recommended to collect oh!
Varied chrysanthemum is a general term for all chrysanthemums with economic and ornamental value, including marigold,贡菊, pot marigold and other chrysanthemum categories. With the development of various ornamental, medicinal and economic uses of chrysanthemums, the implementation of refined nursing management for varied chrysanthemums and the provision of scientific cultivation techniques can ensure the high-quality use of varied chrysanthemums.
First, what are the external environmental needs for the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums
(1) Temperature
Different varieties of chrysanthemums have different suitable temperatures for seed development. But generally, the main chrysanthemum categories such as marigold,贡菊, pot marigold, and stevia, the seed germination temperature is usually 20~26 degrees Celsius. Keeping the temperature of the seeds of varied chrysanthemums within this temperature range can effectively stimulate the protein activity inside the seeds and thereby increase the seed germination rate of varied chrysanthemums. During the seedling raising period, the seedlings of varied chrysanthemums need to maintain a seedling temperature of 25~30 degrees Celsius. Higher temperatures can effectively ensure the rapid growth of varied chrysanthemum seedlings and achieve the goal of strong seedlings.
From the perspective of the whole growth cycle of varied chrysanthemums, stevia requires an accumulated temperature of 4500 degrees Celsius in its entire life cycle, marigold requires an accumulated temperature of 4800 degrees Celsius in its entire life cycle,贡菊 requires an accumulated temperature of 4900 degrees Celsius in its entire life cycle, and pot marigold requires an accumulated temperature of 4850 degrees Celsius in its entire life cycle. Generally, when the temperature of stevia is lower than 15 degrees Celsius, it will stop growing and developing; when the temperature of marigold and贡菊 is lower than 14 degrees Celsius, it will also stop growing; when the temperature of ground cover chrysanthemum reaches 14.5 degrees Celsius, it will stop growing. If the temperature is too low, it will cause the root system of varied chrysanthemums to grow slowly and the internal active substances to fail to be activated. Therefore, ensuring that varied chrysanthemums have a suitable cultivation temperature is a necessary factor for the rapid development and seedling growth of varied chrysanthemums.
(2) Light
The distribution of light will also affect the cultivation and growth of varied chrysanthemums. Among the large categories of varied chrysanthemums, many varieties are relatively short-day plants, and they have stress responses to light exposure. The critical photoperiod of marigold is 14.5 hours, the critical photoperiod of pot marigold is 12 hours, the critical photoperiod of stevia is 13 hours, and the critical photoperiod of ground cover chrysanthemum is 14 hours. Generally speaking, in areas with relatively short daylight hours, the flowering time of varied chrysanthemums is relatively early, and the time for reproductive accumulation is relatively longer; conversely, in areas with longer daylight hours, the flowering period of varied chrysanthemums is shorter, the growth period is longer, and the content of stevioside accumulated is relatively higher. With the enhancement of light intensity and the extension of light time, the accumulation of stevioside elements inside varied chrysanthemums will increase, and the content of STV will decrease, which can effectively improve the sweetness of varied chrysanthemum flowers. In addition, with the increase of light time and the enhancement of intensity within a certain range, it is easier to stimulate the active substances in the seeds of varied chrysanthemums, thereby significantly increasing the germination rate of varied chrysanthemums.
(3) Soil
The soil environment is one of the key factors determining the efficiency of cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums. The suitable soil for the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums has a specific pH range. The soil pH for stevia growth is 5.6~8, the soil pH for marigold growth is 5.7~7.7, the soil pH for贡菊 and ground cover chrysanthemum growth is 5.4~8, and the soil pH for pot marigold growth is 6.0~7.5. If the soil pH is less than 5.3 or greater than 8.4 during the seedling raising process of varied chrysanthemums, it may cause the seeds of varied chrysanthemums to fail to develop or cause the seedlings to wither due to excessive acidity or alkalinity.
The types of soil suitable for planting varied chrysanthemums are relatively diverse, including sandy loam, clay, or wind-blown sand land can become the soil environment for planting varied chrysanthemums. Among them, marigold is suitable for planting in sandy land,贡菊 is suitable for planting in clay soil, and stevia is suitable for planting in sandy stone land. The soil environment needed for varied chrysanthemums should maintain good ventilation, smooth air exchange, strong fertility, and rich organic matter. Such soil can promote the growth and development of varied chrysanthemums, as well as the growth of roots and the accumulation of dry exchange substances.
Second, the cultivation techniques and maintenance management measures of varied chrysanthemums
(1) Site selection and land leveling
Site selection and land leveling are the first issues faced in the cultivation and maintenance management of varied chrysanthemums. Among the varied chrysanthemums, stevia, marigold, and ground cover chrysanthemum have good tolerance and are suitable for a variety of soil types.贡菊 and pot marigold have relatively higher soil conditions and are more suitable for growing in湿润型的 clay soil. Overall, when selecting sites for the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums, it is best to choose soil with good fertility, abundant biological organic matter, good soil moisture, good air circulation, and strong water retention and conservation capabilities. Generally, the topsoil should be more than 25 cm thick, the biological organic matter in the soil should be more than 1.5%, and the soil moisture should be maintained at 65%~75%. The soil pH value should be selected between 5.5~7.5. Such soil is the most suitable for the seedling raising and growth of varied chrysanthemums. In addition, before cultivating varied chrysanthemums, it is necessary to pay attention to the adjustment and management of the previous crops. Generally, for stevia, marigold, and ground cover chrysanthemum, the previous crops are best corn, wheat, sorghum, etc., which can effectively provide more organic matter for varied chrysanthemums.
(2) Seed selection and breeding management
After completing the land selection, it is necessary to level and disinfect the cultivation land for varied chrysanthemums comprehensively. If there is plastic film on the land, it should be removed along with other impurities. In addition, to prevent excessive harmful bacteria in the soil, it is necessary to spray a 1600-fold diluted solution of 50% carbendazim or a 2000-fold diluted solution of 40% zineb phosphorus in the soil. This can effectively kill the pests and bacteria in the soil and keep the soil in a healthy state.
After leveling, organic fertilizers should be applied to the soil, and organic fertilizers can be applied at a rate of 30~35 t · ha-2, while chemical fertilizers should also be used in conjunction. For example, stevia and ground cover chrysanthemum can use 150 kg · ha-2 of potassium fertilizer, and marigold and pot marigold can use 440~460 kg · ha-2 of diammonium phosphate. Since varied chrysanthemums absorb nitrogen fertilizer relatively little, it is best to avoid applying a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer. At the same time, the land should be rotavated, which can be exposed to the sun, achieve soil aeration, increase oxygen content, and kill bacteria.
(3) Management and maintenance of varied chrysanthemum seedlings
In the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums, seed selection and breeding management are very important. When selecting and breeding varied chrysanthemums, the germination rate of the seeds should be guaranteed, the seed purity of varied chrysanthemums should be above 97%, and the germination rate of the seeds should be above 96%. Generally, 20~30 g of seeds can be used for every 667 m2 of land.
When sowing seeds, it is necessary to soak and sterilize the seeds to prevent diseases such as withered seedlings. Generally, a 300-fold diluted solution of 50% carbendazim can be used for pre-soaking varied chrysanthemum seeds. The pre-soaking time is 15~20 minutes, which can fully kill the bacterial fluid on the surface of varied chrysanthemums and form a protective coating on the seeds. For stevia, marigold, and ground cover chrysanthemum, the pre-soaked seeds can also be soaked in warm water at a temperature of about 30 degrees Celsius for 6~7 hours, and then dried. This can allow the seeds of stevia, marigold, etc. to fully absorb moisture, which is beneficial for improving the germination rate of the seeds.
After seed selection and breeding, comprehensive management of the seedlings of varied chrysanthemums is required. Before planting varied chrysanthemums on a large scale, a seedling bed of 250~300 m2 should be prepared. The seedling bed should contain a lot of humus and organic matter, with the proportion of organic fertilizer generally set at 30% and the proportion of humus soil at 60%. This can make the entire seedling bed have enough nutrients to ensure the development of varied chrysanthemum seeds. The humidity of the seedling bed of varied chrysanthemums should be maintained at 55%~70%. If the temperature does not reach 25 degrees Celsius, it is necessary to cover the seedling bed with film for heat preservation. Before covering with film, it is necessary to disinfect the seedling bed with 50% carbendazim, using 4~5 g · m-2 of carbendazim to spray the seedling bed, and then cover with plastic film, continuing for 2~3 days before ventilating.
The seeds of varied chrysanthemums generally germinate and emerge from the soil within 4~5 days, and the sowing time is in the middle and late March. The whole seedling raising period lasts for 40~45 days to form transplantable seedlings of varied chrysanthemums. During the seedling raising period, the growth temperature of varied chrysanthemums should be controlled at around 25 degrees Celsius, and the night temperature should not be lower than 20 degrees Celsius. Within one week before transplanting varied chrysanthemums, it is best to avoid watering the seedlings to prevent excessive growth and to improve the ability of seedlings to adapt to the environment. During the whole seedling raising period, the seedlings of varied chrysanthemums should be watered every 6~7 days. When varied chrysanthemums have two pairs of needle leaves, top dressing can be applied to the seedlings at this time, using 30 g of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of water for dilution and irrigation in a 10 m2 seedbed.
(4) Management of varied chrysanthemum transplantation
After the management and maintenance of varied chrysanthemum seedlings, it is necessary to manage the transplantation of varied chrysanthemums. During transplantation, the distance between the plants of varied chrysanthemums should be controlled at 30~40 cm, and the row spacing should be maintained at 50~60 cm. The density of varied chrysanthemums per 667 m2 should be maintained at 2000~2500 plants, and can be planted densely depending on the soil fertility. The transplantation time for varied chrysanthemums is in the middle and late May, when the temperature is suitable and the root system of the plants has fully developed, thus having a relatively high survival rate. At the time of transplantation, the true leaves of varied chrysanthemums generally have 3~4 pairs, and the height should be between 15~20 cm. One day before transplantation, the breeding seedbed should be fully irrigated to ensure smooth seedling lifting, and then the varied chrysanthemum plants should be dug up and transferred to the field.
(5) Growth management of varied chrysanthemums
After the management of varied chrysanthemum transplantation, the formal growth management period begins. During the growth management period, it is necessary to do a good job of the follow-up fertilizer and water management, pest and disease management, and harvesting management of varied chrysanthemums.
When补水, since varied chrysanthemums require a large amount of water during the growing period, it is necessary to strengthen the continuous supply of water and fertilizer to varied chrysanthemums throughout the plant growth period. For example, stevia, marigold, and ground cover chrysanthemum are all plants with high water absorption, and it is necessary to补水 immediately after transplanting seedlings. Throughout the management cycle, varied chrysanthemums need to be irrigated every 14~16 days. Among them, before flowering, irrigation should be carried out every 10 days to keep the soil fully moist. Varied chrysanthemums should be continuously irrigated during the bud stage. After that, irrigation should be carried out every 10~13 days. It is necessary to fully ensure the soil moisture of varied chrysanthemums throughout the growth cycle, especially paying attention to prevent the soil from being too dry in the later growth stage, leading to soil compaction, reduced fertility, and difficult breathing, which affects the growth of varied chrysanthemums.
When top dressing, 160~200 kg of compound fertilizer should be applied per 667 m2 of varied chrysanthemums, and irrigation should be carried out after each harvest of fresh flowers, while adding 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of compound fertilizer to ensure sufficient nutrient supply for varied chrysanthemums during the bud stage.
In pest and disease management, it is necessary to prevent root rot, wilt, and other diseases in the growth process of varied chrysanthemums. A 1000-fold diluted solution of 50% carbendazim can be used for spraying, and generally, 3 times of spraying are sufficient throughout the growth period. During the growth process, it is also necessary to prevent pests such as grubs and red spiders. A 50% zinc phosphorus emulsion diluted 800~1000 times can be used, and it should be sprayed every 7 days for 2~3 times to effectively kill grubs and red spiders.
During the harvesting process, good harvesting management is required. Generally, varied chrysanthemums are harvested from late July to October, with a harvesting period of 3 months. It can be divided into a harvesting cycle of 10~15 days, and multiple rounds of harvesting can be carried out during the full flowering period. For example, for marigold, a harvesting cycle of 3~5 days is used for 10~15 harvests. If the yield per flower is 6~8 g, it indicates a relatively high yield. During the harvesting period, it is especially important to wait until the petals are fully bloomed before harvesting. Usually, harvesting is carried out on sunny days to avoid plant damage.
Third, conclusion
In summary, the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums is a systematic job. It involves many processes, especially in the selection of sites, land leveling, seedling management, seedling raising management, transplantation management, and growth process management, where a lot of work needs to be focused. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums require unified planning, unified deployment, and精细 management, only in this way can the quality of cultivation and maintenance of varied chrysanthemums be improved.
The specific content of chrysanthemum cultivation, management techniques, planting methods, and management introduced above is for your reference and operation.