When is the best time to plant kiwi trees
Today, the editor introduces the best time to plant kiwi trees and the experience of kiwi cultivation techniques and management in green plant maintenance. The specific details are as follows:
Kiwi fruit has a soft texture, sweet and sour taste, and is rich in nutrients. It contains not only organic substances such as actinidine, proteinases, and pectin, but also trace elements such as calcium, potassium, zinc, and 17 types of amino acids required by the human body. It also contains minerals such as vitamin C, tartaric acid, and malic acid and is known as the "king of fruits". In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for kiwi fruit has been increasing, and its price is high. Liupanshui City is located in the abdominal area of the Yungui Plateau, which is the dividing line between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. It has a warm climate, fresh air, and abundant sunshine, making it the only city in China named after its climate. The area has large temperature differences between day and night, low latitude, and high altitude, creating a climate environment suitable for kiwi growth and is known as the "hometown of wild kiwi in China".
1 Key points of kiwi cultivation techniques
1.1 Site selection
When selecting a site, full consideration must be given to factors such as sunlight, water, and soil organic matter. Kiwi trees have high requirements for the growth environment and are suitable for planting in warm and humid climates, mainly in subtropical and temperate humid and semi-humid climates, mainly distributed between 18° and 34° north latitude, with an average annual temperature of 11-17°C and a frost-free period of 160-270 days. Liupanshui City is located in the Wumeng Mountains in western Guizhou Province, with complex terrain mainly consisting of mountains, hills, basins, plateaus, and tablelands. The area has significant altitude fluctuations and belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate. Influenced by the terrain, the summers are cool and the winters are warm, with an average annual temperature of 13-14°C and a frost-free period of 200-300 days. The warm and humid environment creates favorable conditions for kiwi growth. Kiwi trees require a higher water content and belong to fruit trees with weak physiological drought resistance and weak moisture resistance, with high requirements for planting soil and air humidity, making them suitable for cultivation in areas with abundant rainfall and high air humidity. China's kiwi is mainly planted in environments with annual precipitation of 800-2,200 mm and air humidity of 74.3%-85%. Liupanshui City has an annual precipitation of 1,200-1,500 mm, with high altitude and frequent fog in mountainous areas, resulting in high air humidity, which creates favorable conditions for kiwi growth. Kiwi trees enjoy sunlight but are sensitive to sunlight radiation, preferring diffused light and not direct strong sunlight. The natural light intensity is generally controlled at around 42%-45%. It is suitable to plant in sunny areas with 1,300-2,600 hours of sunlight, deep soil, good permeability, high organic matter content, and slightly acidic sandy soil. If the soil is highly acidic or alkaline, the soil needs to be treated, and planting should be done in an environment with a pH of 5.5-6.5. Kiwi trees require a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, and manganese fertilizer during growth. Before planting, the soil composition should be measured, and a certain amount of green manure should be applied. The complex terrain and multiple mountainous and hilly areas of Liupanshui City require the planting altitude of kiwi trees to be controlled between 1,000 and 1,600 meters. In addition, kiwi trees have weak wind resistance and can easily cause young branches to break, leaves to shatter, fruit to be bruised or fall, affecting the yield and quality of kiwi fruit. Therefore, it is best to avoid areas with strong winds and mountain tops and plant on the leeward slopes.
1.2 Variety selection
Kiwi variety selection is directly related to the yield and quality of kiwi fruit. When planting, it is best to choose local kiwi varieties, which have good adaptability and resistance and can better adapt to the local climate environment, reducing the probability of disease and pest occurrences. Liupanshui City's red-hearted kiwi is a large fruit variety with uniform fruit shape, beautiful appearance, and a jade green interior when ripe, with a red cross-section of the fruit heart and radiating red streaks along the fruit heart, making it visually appealing. It obtained the national geographical indication agricultural product in 2012, and in 2020, Liupanshui City Shuicheng District kiwi base was selected as the "National Torch Industry Base" and "China Characteristic Agricultural Product Advantage Area". When selecting varieties, it is necessary to choose one main planting variety and another variety for mixed planting according to local conditions.
1.3 Seedling breeding
Kiwi seeds, after propagation, are mass-produced through methods such as grafting, cutting, or layering. Every year during the kiwi maturity season, select kiwi fruits with proper shape, uniform size, and bright color. After the fruit flesh matures and softens, crush the fruit flesh, wrap it in gauze, squeeze the flesh into the gauze, separate the seeds from the flesh, and then wash the seeds repeatedly with clean water until the flesh is completely cleaned. After washing, dry the seeds. Soak the seeds in 40-50°C warm water for 2-3 hours, then soak in cold water for 12 hours. When the soil ground temperature reaches 0-5°C, bury the seeds in moist river sand for 50-60 days. In the second year, when the weather warms up, choose sandy soil for land preparation and fertilization, and sow kiwi seeds in a drill播种 manner on the seedbed. Before sowing, prepare the seedbed by applying decomposed organic fertilizer to the soil, control the seedbed width to 1 meter, finely crush and slightly press the soil, then water. After sowing, cover the seed surface with a layer of sand, with a sand thickness of 1-2 cm. A greenhouse 2-5 meters high can be set up on the seedbed, using bamboo or steel frame construction, with a double-stringer fixed on the roof, covered with plastic film to achieve heat storage, insulation, and humidity retention. Straw curtains can be laid on the roof for timely ventilation. When the seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves, start thinning, removing weak, diseased, and small seedlings, with a thinning distance of 2-3 cm. When the seedlings grow 5 true leaves, start transplanting.
1.4 Transplanting
Before transplanting, dig trenches according to the actual conditions of the orchard. For mountainous areas, dig terraces along contour lines, with the ditch lines facing inward and the width of the terraces being 3-3.5 meters. For flat land, dig trenches according to the row spacing, generally 0.8-1 meter wide and 0.6-0.8 meter deep. When digging the ditch, separate the surface soil and bottom soil and stack them separately. Fill the bottom of the ditch with 2-3 layers of green grass, with an amount of 37,500 kg/hm2. If the planting area is red soil, add lime to improve the soil pH. Cover the green grass material with surface soil, then add organic fertilizer on top of the surface soil, with a usage of 7,500 kg/hm2, mix the fertilizer and surrounding soil thoroughly, then cover with topsoil. Kiwi trees are woody vines and should not be planted too densely. The planting row spacing is set at 30-50 cm, and the plant spacing is 10-15 cm. When transplanting, choose strong seedlings, dig a hole 0.3-0.4 m2 in the orchard, place the seedlings in the hole, allow the roots to fully extend, bury the roots in the middle of the soil, pull up the seedlings twice to fully extend the roots, then fill and compact the soil. Kiwi trees are dioecious large deciduous woody vines. When planting, they need cross-pollination to flower and bear fruit. When planting, a certain number of male plants need to be arranged, with the male plant flowering period 3-7 days earlier than the main cultivated variety. Choose varieties with a large amount of pollen and a long flowering period, with a male to female ratio of 5:1 or 6:1. The planting density of kiwi trees needs to be determined in combination with the cultivation支架. There are three common types of支架: T-type, flat-top棚架, and篱架. The篱架 is 2.5-3 meters long and 0.12-0.15 cm in diameter, with a ground net height of 1.8-2 meters and a支架 density of 2 m×4 m; the T-type架 is a horizontal beam set directly on the upright支柱, forming a T-shaped支架, which is 2.8-3 meters long, the beam is 1.2-1.5 meters long, and there are 3 rust-proof iron wires on the beam, with a支柱 depth of 0.8 meters and a ground net height of 2 meters, and a planting density of 3 m×4 m; the flat-top棚架 is set at every 5-6 meters, with a支架 height of 1.8-2 meters and a入土 depth of 0.8 meters; the支架 is arranged in a square pattern, with the四周支柱 connected by steel bars and the支柱 connected by iron wires to form a棚.
1.5 Grafting seedlings
Grafting is a key step in kiwi cultivation, directly affecting the yield and quality of kiwi fruit. Choose a single bud cutting method, select sturdy scions with small pith, cut off a branch segment with a bud, 3-4 cm long, cut off the surface at a straight position, with a cutting depth of 2-3 cm, and cut a 50°斜削 face on the reverse side of the cutting face. Cut the scion smoothly at a position 10-15 cm away from the ground, with a cutting length greater than 3 cm and a depth of 2-3 cm, then cut 2/3 of the scion bark, insert the scion, and wrap it with plastic film until the scion bud grows, then loosen the plastic film. After the grafting is successful, cut the scion at the cutting position.
1.6 Inter-cropping management
Kiwi is sensitive to water and fertilizer. Once nutrients are lacking, kiwi will show symptoms such as yellow leaves, small leaves, and stopped growth. During planting, it is necessary to top-dress kiwi fruit in a timely manner to meet the nutrient needs of the fruit tree. When the seedlings grow to 50 cm, top-dress once with 60-75 kg/hm2 urea and 135-150 kg/hm2 superphosphate. Seedling fertilization should adhere to the principle of small and frequent applications to avoid root burning. Before the seedlings germinate, top-dress once with 90-150 kg/hm2 urea. During the flowering period and early fruiting period, top-dress once with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% urea solution. During the fruit expansion period, there is a high demand for fertilizers, and 60-75 kg/hm2 compound fertilizer and 90-150 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer should be applied. In the later stage of fruit growth, apply potassium fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, with potassium fertilizer at 90-120 kg/hm2 and phosphorus fertilizer at 75-105 kg/hm2. Kiwi is a broad-leaved fruit tree,喜爱 water but害怕 flooding, with shallow root distribution. It is necessary to maintain air and soil humidity during growth. After each fertilization, water promptly. In summer, with strong transpiration, more water is needed. In autumn, when rainfall is concentrated, open ditches for drainage. In the vigorous growth period of kiwi in summer, it is necessary to inter-crop and weed regularly, loosen the soil, and maintain the kiwi tree's moisture and drought resistance. In winter, planters need to cut off the stiff, diseased, and insect-infested branches of the orchard and burn them集中 to reduce the probability of disease and pest infections in the second year. Then plow the empty land in the orchard to kill overwintering pests.
1.7 Shaping and pruning
When the fruit tree grows tall, it is necessary to prune the tree shape appropriately to promote tree growth. According to the kiwi支架, choose different shaping methods. For篱架-type trees, mainly reduce the main vines and prune into a fan-shaped tree. For T-type架, mainly use light pruning to promote flowering and fruiting. After planting, the main trunk, main vines, and long branches growing from the stock, except for预留 preparation branches, are all pruned. In the summer growth period, young trees need to control their growth to avoid growing too many new shoots, affecting the growth of the main trunk. During the flowering period, it is necessary to uniformly pinch the top leaves of the fruiting branches 2-3 leaves above the flower buds. For mature kiwi trees, the suckers 3-4 leaves need to be pinched in advance, at the 15th leaf of the spring shoot. Pruning mainly removes weak branches, crossed branches, diseased branches, dense branches, suckers, and branches with no use value, promoting the growth and development of strong branches and main branches.
2 Disease and pest control of kiwi
Disease and pest control is a key aspect of kiwi cultivation management, directly affecting the quality of kiwi fruit. The main diseases and pests of kiwi include gray mold, flower rot, leaf spot, golden turtle beetle, and scale insects. According to different diseases and pests, choose different control methods, including physical control, biological control, and chemical control. The golden turtle beetle feeds on kiwi tender buds and can be controlled using frequency vibration insecticidal lights, taking advantage of the phototactic nature of pests for trapping and killing. Scale insects, as one of the main pests in orchards, are small, reproduce quickly, and difficult to control. Biological control can be used, releasing Australian ladybirds, aphid lions, and small wasps in the orchard to achieve pest control. Gray mold and flower rot can be controlled chemically, choosing low-toxic, high-efficiency chemical agents. A 3-5 degree Bordeaux mixture can prevent flower rot, and an 800-fold liquid zinc can prevent gray mold. These chemical agents are fast-acting and can eliminate pests.
Kiwi has very high nutritional value and is a treasure among fruits. In the planting process, it is necessary to combine local natural and climatic environments, choose suitable kiwi varieties, strengthen orchard management, water and fertilize in a timely manner to meet the nutrient needs of the fruit tree, promote tree growth, reduce the probability of disease and pest occurrences, improve kiwi quality, and achieve agricultural efficiency and increased income for farmers.
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