How deep is the root system of rose flowers?
Today, Xiaobian introduces the knowledge of how deep the root system of rose flowers is generally and the indoor plants and flowers with deep roots. The specific contents are as follows: Cultivation techniques and management (1) Preparations 1. Substrates are divided into substrates, and the cultivation of rose can be divided into soil cultivation and soilless cultivation.
(1) Soil cultivation requirements for soil roses prefer fertile and humid soil, avoid waterlogging and are afraid of drought. To this end, it is necessary to choose loose and fertile soil and plant it in places with good conditions such as watering, drainage, ventilation, and light transmission. The root system of rose is mainly distributed in the upper layer 30 cm below the surface, so 25 - 30 cm thick of cultivated soil is needed. If it cannot be reached, deep cultivation or foreign soil is needed. After the soil is prepared, the soil must be prepared and the ridges must be made. If the terrain is undulating, it is necessary to make ridges along the contour line. If the height difference is too large, it can be handled by several platforms. The width of the ridge should be suitable for operation on both sides. Generally, 2 to 3 rows are planted in each ridge. The width of the ridge for 2 rows is 1 to 1.2 meters, the width of the ridge for 3 rows is 1.5 meters, and the height of the ridge is 15 to 20 centimeters. If production is carried out in a greenhouse, a ridge about 1 meter wide can be made, and a 30 cm wide road can be left between the two ridges for easy operation.
The length depends on the terrain of the site. After the soil is tilled, all weed roots, bricks and tiles, woody plant residues, etc. in the soil are removed, and then base fertilizer is applied. The base fertilizer is compost, exhibition fertilizer, cake fertilizer, and oil powder. Bone meal, plant ash and delay-acting granular chemical fertilizers are mainly used. The amount of farmyard manure applied requires about 150 kilograms per 10 buildings, or 2 tons per 100 square meters. After laying the surface, use it or hoes to carefully dig the soil. The appropriate application amount of chemical fertilizer should be 5 - 6 kilograms of nitrogen, 7 - 8 kilograms of phosphorus, and 4 - 5 kilograms of potassium to 100 square meters. You can also apply 2 kilograms of calcium superphosphate per 100 square meters. If the soil is hardened, sawdust, bran or straw can be appropriately turned into. If the soil is acidic, quick lime can be applied, and if the soil is alkaline, gypsum can be applied to adjust the pH to slightly acidic or neutral. After the above work is completed, poison removal must be carried out to prevent and control pests and diseases.
(2) Requirements for substrates for soilless cultivation The substrates commonly used for soilless cultivation of roses include sand, vermiculite, peat, perlite, sawdust, or vermiculite and peat, or a mixture of peat and perlite and vermiculite, etc. The bulk density of the mixture is preferably 0.1~0.8 g/cm'. The porosity is better from 60% to 90%. 2. The size of the pot plant and the cultivation environment are the main considerations in determining the size of the pot. Generally cultivated in an open field with good ventilation, the plant has strong transpiration and rapid water consumption. The pot diameter chosen should be larger; while cultivated in protective facilities, the pot diameter can be slightly smaller. Beautiful earthen pots or plastic pots can be used for flowerpots. Generally, for annual plants, pots with a diameter of 15 to 20 cm should be used; for more than two years, pots with a diameter of 20 to 25 cm should be used.
(2) Cultivation points: Rose generally adopts asexual reproduction methods, commonly used ones include planting, grafting and tissue culture. The grafting method is easy to obtain materials, simple to operate, short seedling formation time, high flower yield and long life span, so it is still the main method for the production of cut rose seedlings. At present, my country mostly uses vermictuan and wild wild Cut and plant in early spring, and sprout from May to October. Both hard branches and twigs can be used for the cuttings of Xuanhua. The substrate can be river water, perlite, vermiculite, slag, etc. For planting time, hard branches and stems are suitable in autumn and winter, and young branches are suitable in May to August. The base of the cuttings can be treated with growth regulating substances (nobutyric acid, ABT rooting powder, etc.) to promote hair roots. Water should be sprayed thoroughly after transplanting. In future management, spray the leaves several times a day, and root can be taken for about one month at 25℃~28℃. A large number of neat and consistent seedlings can be obtained by using tissue culture.
However, this method has two shortcomings: first, the operating technology is more complex than bud grafting and is not as easy to master as bud grafting; second, the production cost is higher than bud grafting. Terminal buds or lateral buds are commonly used as explants in tissue culture of cut rose. The bud induction medium is MS+ BA 0.1 - 1.0 mg/L; the proliferation medium is MS+BA1 - 3 mg/L + NAA 0.01 - 0.1 mg/L or MS+BA1 - 3 mg/L +IAA0.1 - 0.5 mg/L; the rooting medium is 112MS + NAA 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L or 112MS + IBA 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L. Culture conditions: temperature 20℃~28℃, light intensity 1500~2000 lux, light time 10~12 hours. The tissue culture seedlings can be planted in bottles when the root system grows to about 2 centimeters long. The substrate is half of stone and half of perlite. It is disinfected with potassium permanganate and used after use. The humidity is 60%~70%. It can be poured with MS medium diluent or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Tissue culture seedlings of rose can effectively avoid the harm of nematodes, root cancer and virus diseases, and perform well in soil culture.
(3) Fertilizer and water management 1. Irrigation water is the basis for plant growth and development. When roses are often in a state of water shortage, the leaves are haggard, the leaf margins turn brown or fall leaves fall. According to tests, water quality also has a great impact on the growth of rose. When the concentration of soluble salt in irrigation water is set at 1300 moles/liter, the yield of rose will be reduced by 10% to 50%; when the concentration of ammonia carbonate ion is 115 ml/liter, the yield of rose will be reduced by 20%; when the concentration of chloride ion is very high, the edge of rose leaves will appear burning. Scientific watering time should be determined based on the indicated values of soil moisture tensiometer or soil moisture tester. Some foreign researchers have proposed that watering should be carried out when the soil tension is 100 - 200mPa. The empirical watering principle is "wherever it is dry, it must be watered thoroughly", that is, it must be watered thoroughly until the area of the topsoil is completely dry before watering, and it must be watered thoroughly and fully. The number of irrigation during the growing season depends on the frequency of rain, the temperature and the water-holding capacity of the soil.
Roses need to be moist, but it is also beneficial to provide mild drought stimulation. When the upper layer is dry, the roots at the grassroots level absorb water from the lower layer and actively grow new roots downward to find water sources, so that they will not be caused by groundwater accumulation in the future. harm. Under normal circumstances, it is enough to water twice a week on sunny days in spring and autumn. In winter, it is watered once every 10 days in the south, but before freezing in the north, enough frozen water is poured and then the roots are covered, so that there is no need to water any more throughout the winter. When the soil temperature rises above 40℃ in summer, it will affect the survival of roots. Water should be watered many times to cool down, but do not suddenly water at high temperatures. Instead, water should be poured early and late to keep the soil moist, so that the soil temperature will not rise too fast, and you don't have to worry about the roses being sun-dried at noon or afternoon.
Irrigation should be stopped during the rainy season and drainage should even be required. However, special attention should be paid to the fact that if there is light rain in the school house, only the soil surface is wet and the roots are dry, which is very unfavorable for the rose, so it is better to inject water in time. There are many methods to thin water, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, irrigation, ditch irrigation, and flood irrigation. The specific method used should be adapted to local conditions and based on the principle of not causing field hardening and conservation. Dropping compliance can save water and is not easy to cause soil aggregation. However, the "concentration 2" mentioned in the eight books on wine and wine setting refers to the mass concentration, the mass fraction of measures, or the volume fraction, and is not the "concentration". The true meaning.
The investment is large and should not be used in loose and porous rough media, because these media have almost no capillary action, and water cannot penetrate and diffuse laterally in them. Furrow irrigation is not easy to cause soil hardening, but it consumes a lot of water and is not suitable. Used in plots with high groundwater levels. Irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation are suitable for plots with loose soil and difficult to harden.
2. Nutrient element composition for the growth and development of rose during fertilization: In addition to C, H and O, which must account for more than 90% during the growth and development of rose, the following main nutritional elements are also indispensable: N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg macroelements, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Mn, Fe trace elements, analysis of nutritional components in rose leaves (under normal content, those below the lower limit are the normal content of the species lacking in elements, N % 3.0 - 5.0 P% 0.2 - 0.3 K% 1.8 - 3.0 Ca% 1.0 - 1.5 Mg% 0.25 - 0.35.
How deep is the root system of rose flowers?
Cut rose fertilization standard project standard pH 5.5 ~6.5 NO3-N 25 ~30 mg/100 g dry soil K20|: 200 mg/100 g dried soil Ee| 0.5 - 1.2 mg/cm P20s 100 - 150 mg/100 g dry soil cut roses have a long growth period, generally taking 4 - 5 years. Therefore, the land must be dug deep before planting. It is usually required to dig 0.4 to 0.5 meters deep, and apply organic fertilizers such as cow and horse manure to improve the soil. Dihydrogen phosphate, three-element compound fertilizers, bone meal, etc. can also be appropriately added as base fertilizers. The amount of organic fertilizer is generally 270,000 kg/hectare. Roses grow vigorously and have a high yield of cut flowers. A lot of nutrients are consumed during production. Therefore, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, continuous topdressing is also needed. Under normal circumstances, topdressing is applied once a month. Currently, the commonly used types of topdressing are divided into organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers.
Commonly used organic fertilizers include cake fertilizers, mainly soybean cakes, peanut cakes, sesame cakes, and rapeseed cakes, with an amount of 50 g/plant each time; livestock and poultry fertilizers, decomposed chicken manure produced by organic fertilizer factories, etc., which are sanitary and highly efficient. They are all good topdressing, with an amount of 50 g/plant each time. See Table 3) Inorganic fertilizers are used for topdressing. Generally, various fertilizers are used to make nutrient solutions. Commonly used nutrient solutions are formulated: Solution A: 100 mg of sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, 75 mg of ferrous sulfate, 5 g of calcium nitrate B: 3 g of potassium nitrate, 3 g of magnesium sulfate, 2 g of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g of potassium sulfate, 1 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 20 mg of manganese sulfate, 30 mg of boric acid, 5 mg of zinc sulfate, 1 mg of copper sulfate, 5 mg of ammonium molybdate, 5 mg of liquid C: 5kg of water nutrient solution is best used by drip irrigation or circular liquid supply, or can also be irrigated. In addition to soil fertilization, foliar fertilization can also be used. Fertilizer solution is sprayed on the leaves and absorbed directly by the leaves. The effect is more significant than applying fertilizer to the soil, which can supplement the shortage of fertilization in the soil. The solution contains one element or multiple elements, and the concentration must be low, generally no more than 0.3%.
Foliar fertilization should pay attention to the following points: ① The concentration must be low, and the appropriate spraying concentration is 0.2%~0.3%. If the concentration is too high, it will easily burn the leaves.② Leaves can absorb nutrients only at an appropriate level of growth, but leaves that are too tender cannot. Generally, about 1 month after pruning, the leaves grow to a state where they can be fertilized and sprayed once every 10 days until the flower buds of the rose begin to open. After the first batch of flowers bloom, new branches will be produced by matching or selecting new branches. After the leaves grow, the second round of on-the-spot fertilization can be carried out.③ Spray on both sides of the leaves, and the effect is quite good.④ Don't spray wine on rainy or cloudy days, it's best to do it on a sunny and windless morning. 6 To improve the wine sprayer city, it is best to have a spare sprayer for continuous operation. 6 Some pesticides can be appropriately added to the sprayed solution.
(4) Transplanting, reshaping and pruning 1. Transplanting When the root system of rose seedlings has grown to a certain extent and the growth is gradually slowing down, transplanting can be started. Before transplanting, water the seedbed thoroughly so that the seedlings absorb enough water, the soil is soft, and the roots will not be broken when the seedlings are pulled. It is necessary to select high-quality seedlings with vertical and strong roots, strong roots, and rhizome lengths of more than 2.5 cm, and eliminate all unqualified seedlings. Soak the seedlings to be planted in 1000 times potassium permanganate aqueous solution for 15 minutes and disinfect them. The soil used for transplanting should be breathable, well drained, free from pests and diseases, and the initial nutrient content should be low. The planting row spacing is 20 cm and the plant spacing is 10 cm. The planting depth is based on the original depth of the seedlings in the soil. After transplanting the seedlings, water must be thoroughly watered.
2. Plastic pruning is an extremely important link in rose cultivation and management, and is one of the key measures for high yield and high quality of cut rose. Good pruning methods can make the plant grow vigorously, the leaves are large and shiny, the branches are evenly and reasonably distributed, and the light can be effectively received and utilized to achieve high yield and high quality. Plants begin to sprout from March to April. At this time, you can rub the buds with your hands and remove overlapping buds and endogenous buds to make the crown even. You can also remove some flower buds to ensure that the number of flowers is not too large, thereby improving the quality of cut flowers.
Summer pruning is carried out in June, and most of the summer pruning method is used to make full use of functional leaves to provide nutrition for the plant and ensure the healthy growth of the plant. Major pruning will be carried out from December to January of the following year, and the crown will be cut off. Only 2 - 4 trunks in different directions will be retained, and 2 - 3 buds will be left for each trunk. The rest will be cut off. The height of pruning is about 30 centimeters above the ground. Different winter pruning methods have no obvious effect on the growth rate of branches. The left flowering branches bloom early, and the left flowering branches bloom later. The quality of the left flowering branches with low parts is better than that with high parts. The flower yield is the highest by the pruning method with more buds. However, the flower quality has declined, while the yield with low buds has low yield, but the flower quality is good.
The principles of rose pruning are: to control reproductive growth at seedling stage and remove all flowers to promote the growth of branches and leaves until the main branches are developed; the flowering plants should be ventilated and transparent, and the tree trend should be uniform; control the number of flowers to ensure the quality of flowers; Cut off pest branches in time, pruning light in summer and heavy in winter. There are various pruning methods for cut roses, such as bud wiping, light cutting, and heavy cutting. Due to the wide variety of cut roses and different habits, the pruning method to apply must be based on the quality characteristics. At the same time, due to the climate of various places, different cultivation conditions will also affect, and specific analysis must be made during specific operations. In addition to regular pruning, the use of hormones as auxiliary treatment often yields good results. The main ways to increase rose yield are to promote the germination of lateral buds, increase the number of new shoots, reduce the incidence of blind branches, promote the formation of flower branches and accelerate the growth of new shoots to shorten the flowering cycle. The germination of lateral buds of rose is inhibited by the apex advantage, and the use of hormones can break the apex advantage and promote the germination of lateral buds. Gibberellin can increase the number of flowers. After applying a mass concentration of 10 - 100 mg/L gibberellin, the length and fresh weight of rose branches will increase.
3. The production time is arranged. The standard for selling cut flowers on the market is to have full buds, not only revealing the color of the petals, but also reaching the point where they can open in 1 to 2 days. The length requires more than 5 sections, usually 40 to 60 centimeters, so that the bottle can be cut short again before inserting. Due to the different temperatures and flower maturity in different seasons, the precautions for picking cut flowers are also different. 1 Cutting in spring and autumn The temperature in spring and autumn is moderate. The cutting standard for cut flowers is generally such that the curved pieces are fully unfolded and 2 - 3 petals have just been loosened, which is the most appropriate maturity, such as Samantha. However, sometimes it depends on the characteristics of the variety. Varieties that are easy to open can be cut to make them more mature, spread out with flower pieces, and when the petals are loosened, such as gold medals; varieties that are difficult to open can be cut more ripe, and when the outer petals are all loosened, cut when they are cut, such as bulls.
(2) Summer cutting When cutting flowers in the high summer season, you must cut them in the morning or evening when there is no strong sunshine, and the maturity of the cut flowers must be higher. If you want to use cut flowers immediately, you can cut them more ripe. 3 Winter shearing The winter temperature is low and the cut flowers bloom very slowly. A newly opened rose can be kept in a vase for about 20 days, so cut flowers should be cut more ripe, and it is better to cut them when all the petals on the outside of the flower are loosened. If you want to transport it over long distances, you can cut it properly and make it greener. When cutting cut flowers, the flower branches must be of appropriate length, but not all the flower branches must be cut. More than 2 whole branches with 5 small leaflets should be kept at the lower part of the flowering flower branch. In this way, the cut flower branches can be maintained and 1 - 2 high-quality cut flowers can be produced, so that roses will not reduce production during continuous production.
The above green plant maze brings a specific introduction to how deep the root system of rose flowers is generally and the indoor plants with deep roots, hoping to bring some flower knowledge to green plant fans.